{"id":988156,"date":"2023-04-26T13:04:03","date_gmt":"2023-04-26T11:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/?p=988156"},"modified":"2023-07-04T17:23:53","modified_gmt":"2023-07-04T15:23:53","slug":"fattori-di-rischio-cardiovascolare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/cardiovascular-risk-factors\/","title":{"rendered":"Cardiovascular risk factors"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vgblk-rw-wrapper limit-wrapper\">\r\n<h2>What are the cardiovascular risk factors?<\/h2>\r\n<p>CV risk factors can be divided into two groups. The major and best known risk factors are:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>high blood pressure,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>hypercholesterolemia,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>diabetes mellitus,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>cigarette smoke,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>male sex,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>familiarity with CV diseases,<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>age above 65 years.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The presence of one or more of these risk factors is able to predict more than 90% of major CV events.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In addition, other so-called \u201cminor\u201d risk factors are recognized, including:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>ethnicity<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>obesity (increased body mass index or waist circumference)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>sedentary lifestyle<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>emotional and\/or work-related stress<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>hypertriglyceridemia<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>low HDL cholesterol values<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>metabolic syndrome<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>increased levels of apolipoproteins, uric acid, C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The presence of one or more of these risk factors further defines the CV risk profile of the individual, allowing for timely recognition as a patient at higher risk of developing CV events.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CV risk factors can also be divided into modifiable (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia) and non-modifiable (age, sex, ethnicity, family history of CV diseases). The former can be addressed with both lifestyle changes and pharmacological therapy, in order to reduce their levels and allow effective control of individual factors; the latter cannot be addressed, so they must be considered in the context of determining the CV risk profile and their possible interactions with other risk factors.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"bullet-small\" start=\"1\">\r\n<li>Sailam V, Karalis DG, Agarwal A, et al. Prevalence of emerging cardiovascular risk factors in younger individuals with a family history of premature coronary heart disease and low Framingham risk score. Clin Cardiol 2008;31:542-5.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2644-50<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Conroy RM, Py\u00f6r\u00e4l\u00e4 K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>McGorrian C, Yusuf S, Islam S, et al. Estimating modifiable coronary heart disease risk in multiple regions of the world: the INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score. Eur Heart J 2011;32:581-9.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:e149-61.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735-52.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Wyszynski DF, Waterworth DM, Barter PJ, et al. Relationship between atherogenic dyslipidemia and the Adult Treatment Program-III definition of metabolic syndrome (Genetic Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome Project). Am J Cardiol 2005;95:194-8.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Maloberti A, Giannattasio C, Bombelli M, et al. Hyperuricemia and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: the experience of the URRAH (Uric Acid Right for Heart Health) Project. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020;27:121-8.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Sailam V, Karalis DG, Agarwal A, et al. Prevalence of emerging cardiovascular risk factors in younger individuals with a family history of premature coronary heart disease and low Framingham risk score. Clin Cardiol 2008;31:542-5.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2644-50<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><!-- .vgblk-rw-wrapper -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are the cardiovascular risk factors? CV risk factors can be divided into two groups. The major and best known risk factors are: The presence of one or more of these risk factors can predict more than 90% of major CV events. In addition, other factors are recognized...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":988164,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/988156"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=988156"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/988156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":990418,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/988156\/revisions\/990418"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/988164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=988156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=988156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/specialistidelcuore.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=988156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}